The book is dedicated to the East-Western philosophical studies of F.I. Shcherbatsky (1866–1942) against the background of the achievements of European comparative philosophy by the beginning of the 20th century. Shcherbatsky's works are examined in strictly chronological order: from the first article “Logic in Ancient India” (1902) to the last comments on translations of Buddhist texts after the publication of “Buddhist Logic” (1932). Among the main comparative discoveries of Shcherbatsky are systematic parallels between the Buddhist idealism of the Dignaga school and the criticism of Kant, as well as analogies between the “philosophy of flow” among Buddhists and A. Bergson; Some of Shcherbatsky's parallels are subject to critical analysis. The last chapter examines the continuation of Shcherbatsky's traditions in Russia since the early 1960s and some prospects for modern comparative studies.