The monograph will present the author's understanding of a number of parameters of philosophical theology as a new reality in the Russian philosophical context. These include the differences between secular rational theology and traditional church theology, differentiation of various types of discourse in rational theology itself, identification of the intercultural dimension of philosophical theology, analysis of modern classifications of justifications for the existence of God, theological analysis of the latest atheistic argumentation and the phenomenon of atheism itself, as well as some aspects of biblical methodology hermeneutics. The work is intended for philosophers, theologians, religious scholars, as well as for students of humanities universities studying theology.