For the first time, the fundamental texts of the Nyaya - the classical philosophical school of Ancient India - "Nyaya-sutra" (III-IV centuries) and the normative commentary to them "Nyaya-bhashya" by Vatsyayana (IV-V centuries) are presented in translation into Russian. Nyaya (lit., "method") developed not only the methodology of Indian philosophical discourse, but also a wide range of problems of "logic", "physics" and "ethics". The translation is preceded by a historical and philosophical study, which traces the main stages of the formation of classical Nyaya, analyzes the structure and content of monuments; special attention is paid to the interpretation of 16 normative subjects of Nyaya (nadapmx), the activities of the creator of the sutras and commentator, the relationship of Nyaya with other Indian philosophical schools, primarily Buddhist. CONTENTS: V.K. Shokhin. Introduction 10Philosophy of classical Nyaya - formation and design 20Chapter 1. Indian categorical systems and 16 padartha nyayas 20Chapter 2. Origins and protonya 40Chapter 3. Early Nyaya 60Chapter 4. Sutrakarin 79Chapter 5. The first commentators and Vatsyayana 114Some results 137Nyaya-sutras. Nyaya-bhashya 143Section IPart 1 144Part 2 178Section IIPart 1 191Part 2. 231Section IIIPart 1 259Part 2 291Section IVPart 1 328Part 2 357Section VPart 1 376Part 2 396Commentary 405Dictionary of Realities 485List of Abbreviations 488Bibliography 489Index 498Summary 502