For the first time, the fundamental texts of the Nyaya - the classical philosophical school of Ancient India - "Nyaya-sutra" (III-IV centuries) and the normative commentary to them "Nyaya-bhashya" by Vatsyayana (IV-V centuries) are presented in Russian translation. . Nyaya (lit., "method") developed not only the methodology of Indian philosophical discourse, but also a wide range of problems of "logic", "physics" and "ethics". The translation is preceded by a historical and philosophical study, which traces the main stages of the formation of classical Nyaya, analyzes the structure and content of monuments; special attention is paid to the interpretation of the 16 normative subjects of the Nyaya (padarthas), the activities of the creator of the sutras and commentator, the relationship of the Nyaya with other Indian philosophical schools, primarily Buddhist.