The recovery, strengthening and rise of domestic science, education, and mass culture of thinking is a condition for Russia’s transition to an innovative path of development, or rather, a condition for the very existence of Russia. At the moment, this idea has taken shape as the construction of the so-called knowledge society. In its depth and scale, this is a problem of a civilizational order. It involves changes in the entire system of life of the country and people - the creation of a new multidimensional fabric of social relations, a new language and a new type of rationality. In this second book, an inventory is taken of the “building material” that is actually available in Russia for the creation of a modern “knowledge society.” What should be the doctrine for the next phase of this project? We are already talking about building a new educational, scientific, innovation system, since the restoration of previous Soviet structures is impossible - the cultural and historical type of person in today's Russia has changed. It will be necessary to build a “knowledge society” from the wreckage of what remains, but in accordance with the new situation. The assembling of the structures of a new “knowledge society” is discussed in the book based on the extraordinary challenges and threats facing Russia, and new cognitive and information technologies - taking into account the lessons learned during the crisis of the last 25 years. This task is thought through and discussed by a large number of qualified and responsible people. According to the authors’ conclusion, their community, while still loose and not bound by a common methodology and organization, already forms the personnel backbone of the system that is to be built. The book is intended for researchers, teachers and students, as well as everyone who ponders the experience of the modern history of Russia and its future.