The monograph, based on the methodology of comparative pedagogy, examines the state and trends in the development of education in Russia and in the world. The directions of reform of general education and higher professional education are comparatively characterized. A comparative analysis of standardization and diversification of education, civil, moral, religious, interethnic education and training in secondary schools, modernization, and internationalization of higher educational institutions is proposed. The monograph is addressed to scientists, teachers, bachelors, masters, graduate students, doctoral students, and everyone who cares about the effective development of education.