The monograph by Academician of the Russian Academy of Education, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor at Moscow State Pedagogical University examines the state of higher education in Russia and other leading countries. An analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of higher education is given. Trends in higher education are examined comparatively. Pedagogical responses to the challenges of internationalization and ethnocultural diversification facing higher education are proposed. An analysis of the modernization of national systems of higher education, teacher education, the internationalization of universities, the quality and effectiveness of higher education is presented. The monograph is addressed to researchers, teachers, students, and all educators.