This book by the famous German philosopher Jürgen Habermas (b. 1929), published in 2005, consists of works published in various German publications in 2003-2004, as well as written specifically for her. As always, Habermas introduces readers into the range of the most pressing problems that characterize the “spiritual situation of the times” today. We are talking about two opposing trends: the increasingly widespread spread of the “naturalistic”, natural-scientific worldview and the obvious revival of religious beliefs throughout the world, the politicization of religious forces. Habermas explores the background of these tendencies and the very “field of tension” between naturalism and religion. He considers the task of philosophy to be awareness of the “challenges” that one and another trend brings. A very important place is occupied by the discussion of the ability of a modern democratic state to take under the protection of its both religious and non-religious citizens, to provide conditions for their mutual tolerance and for a mutually enriching “learning process” between them. It is obvious that the range of problems raised in the book is extremely relevant and for the current situation in Russia. The book has been translated into Russian for the first time. For readers interested in philosophical understanding of the state of the modern world.