The authors of the textbook, in the light of the latest achievements of historical science, examine the most important events and problems in the history of Asian and African countries in modern times, offer an original chronology of modern times, analyze the main trends in the social development of Asian and African countries in this period. This textbook is published in three parts . The second part presents the history of the countries of India, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Iran, the Caucasus, the Ottoman Empire, and Arab countries of the 16th–19th centuries.