The Dutch rationalist philosopher, one of the main representatives of modern philosophy, Benedict Spinoza (Baruch d'Espinoza) was born in Amsterdam in 1632 into a wealthy family of Spanish Jews who fled here from the persecution of the Inquisition. Operating with the so-called geometric method, the philosopher viewed the universe as a harmonious mathematical system and in his reasoning managed to reconcile and bring together the medieval theocratic world of unshakable truths and the science of the New Age, which decided that only through the tireless work of reason can one come closer to comprehending the truth. For “heretical” ideas Spinoza was eventually expelled from the Jewish community where he received his education, and subsequently, although his work won respect among the most enlightened people of his time, the philosopher was not inclined to benefit from generous patronage. The only work published during Spinoza's lifetime with his name indicated was “The Foundations of the Philosophy of Descartes, Proved Geometrically” with an “Appendix Containing Metaphysical Thoughts.” The main masterpiece that summed up the work of Spinoza’s entire life, the Ethics, on which he worked around 1661 and where the system of his reasoning appears in all its magnificent harmony, was published only in 1677, after the death of the author. In format PDF A4 saved publishing layout of the book.