Michel Foucault's lecture course “The Birth of Biopolitics” was given at the Collège de France in the 1978–1979 academic year. For the first and last time, Foucault chooses the history of thought of the 20th century as the object of his analysis. His focus is on the emergence of neoliberalism as a political and economic doctrine that determines the current state of the Western world. Foucault, with his usual scrupulousness and grace, analyzes the two main branches of neoliberalism - German ordoliberalism and American anarcho-liberalism, offering an original version of events that differs from that accepted in the Anglo-Saxon world. This research strategy allows him to approach the topic of biopolitics - the total power investment of all life processes, which includes all of Western humanity. In this regard, the published course turns out to be a continuation of the lecture course of the 1977–1978 academic year “Security, Territory, Population”. The publication is addressed to historians, philosophers, economists and anyone interested in the current state of Western European thought.