After the collapse of the Romanov and Habsburg empires, the Ukrainian movement attempted to create its own national state. The Ukrainian People's Republic, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, and the Ukrainian State of Hetman Skoropadsky appeared on the map of revolutionary Europe. However, their existence turned out to be short-lived. In most of the Ukrainian lands, Soviet power strengthened, the Ukrainian SSR was formed and the policy of Ukrainization was launched. Western Ukrainian lands were included in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Romania. The leaders of these states faced a difficult choice: to choose a course towards the assimilation of Ukrainians or, given the impact of Soviet nationality policy, to present their own version of Ukrainization. What was the Ukrainian policy of Warsaw, Prague and Bucharest? The book, for the first time in Russian historiography, compares in detail various models for solving the “Ukrainian question” in Eastern Europe.