The monograph presents the results of a study of the formation of the birth rate of the population and the factors that determine it. The current state, trends and problems of demographic development, reproductive health and behavior of the population at the country and regional level are described. Strategic directions for solving the identified problems are proposed and justified. The book is addressed to employees of health care, education, social protection authorities, researchers, teachers of higher educational institutions and students, as well as a wide range of readers who are interested in issues of demography and population reproduction.