The textbook was created using many new, previously little-known sources. The authors of the textbook objectively rethink the historical experience of national statehood during the 20th century, full of great and dramatic events, and analyze the development of modern Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. A large amount of factual material is presented in a problematic manner, which allows a more objective assessment of the phenomena of the past and present of our Motherland. Intended for students of history departments of universities and higher pedagogical educational institutions.