The three-volume History of the Body, written by French, British and American anthropologists and cultural historians, takes a comprehensive look at bodily practices and body representation in Europe, from the Renaissance to the present. The second volume is devoted to the period from the French Revolution to the outbreak of the First World War: the “long 19th century,” which brought numerous innovations that radically changed the perception of the body. Medical discoveries and artistic achievements, emerging sexology and the rapid development of sports, technological progress and moral reflections on pleasure and pain - in all areas, attitudes towards the body are seriously changing. This foreshadows even deeper changes that will occur in the 20th century. Contents: Introduction. (Alain Corbin) 5 PART ONE. VARIOUS VIEWS ON THE BODYChapter I. From a medical point of view (Olivier Faure) 10I. A BODY STUDYED IN PARTS AND... DENIED? 121. Birth of modern medicine 132. Exploration of the body 153. Relief from pain? 194. The body in therapeutic practice 23II. BODY-MECHANISM: RETURN OF THE IMAGE AND ITS FRAMEWORK 261. The body as an “internal environment” 262. From mental to physical 313. The body in the “external environment” 35CONCLUSION 39Chapter II. The power of religious influence (Alain Corbin) 41I. CHRISTIANITY - RELIGION OF THE INCARNATION 41II. CHASTITY AND CONSTINENCE 48III. MARITAL DUTY 55IV. ASCETICIAN POSITION 57V. POSITIONS OF REVERENCE AND ADORATION 63VI. COMPASSION AND EXPECTING A MIRACLE 65Chapter III. From the point of view of fine art (Henri Zerner) 69I. PRELIMINARY THEORETICAL REMARKS 71II. NU 74III. SITES AND SITES 79IV IMAGINE REALITY 81V OPTICAL REALISM AND PHOTOGRAPHY 86VI. “VENUS AGAIN, WITHOUT END VENUS...” 88VII. THE BODY AS SYMBOLISTS VIEW 91VIII. RODIN 93Chapter IV. Society's ideas about the body (Ségolène Le Maine) 98I. MAYEUX AND HIS HUMP 100II. MR PRUD'HOM 105III. ROBERT MACKER 110PART TWO. PLEASURE AND PAIN—CENTRAL CONCEPTS IN THE CULTURE OF THE BODYChapter I. Bodies meet (Alain Corbin) 120I. WHAT CAUSES DESIRE AND WHAT CAUSES DISGUST? 1201. Body, male and female nature 1222. Types of debauchery: masturbation and loss of semen 1313. Eroticism and “lust” 1364. Image of the “unnatural” 149II. THE COMPLEX HISTORY OF SEXUAL PRACTICES 151III. THE COUP OF THE LAST DECADES 1561. The emergence of the science of sex 1562. Colonies - a place for the embodiment of erotic fantasies 1593. “Sexual deviations”: homosexuals and lesbians 1634. Looking at the body: dangers and damage 1705. New tragedy 174Chapter II. Pain, suffering and helplessness of the body (Alain Corbin) 178I. CORPORAL MASSACRE 178II. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT 188III. DEAD BODY 198IV. RAPEED BODY 202V. THE EXHAUSTED AND TORTURED BODY OF THE WORKER IN THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 2081. The worn-out body of the worker 2082. Accidents at work 214VI. PAIN AND SUFFERING 217PART THREE. WORK ON THE BODY, CORRECTION AND EXERCISESChapter I. New perception of the crippled body (Henri-Jacques Sticker) 230I. THE CRAPED BODY IS SUBJECT TO RESTORATION 231I. MAJOR BODY AS MONSTROUS 2341. Scientific ideas 2352. Folk ideas 238III. BODY AND DEGENERATION 240IV. RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CRAPED BODY 243Chapter II. Body hygiene and work on appearance (Georges Vigarello) 246I. RARE BATHING 246II. PARTIAL RUBBING 248III. SHARPENING THE SENSES 249IV. WATER ROUTES 251V. “PEOPLE’S” WATER 253VI. “INVISIBLE” PURITY 255Chapter III. Work on the body. Gymnasts and athletes in the 19th century (Georges Vigarello and Richard Holt) 257I. UPDATED TRADITIONS? 2581. Resistance 2582. “Rough pleasures” 2603. City and water 2624. Appearance of the bourgeois 263II. INVENTION OF MECHANICS 2651. Productive body, measurement of results 2652. Mechanics of movements 2673. Invention of methodology 2694. Gradual spread 271III. THE FIRST SPORTS 2721. “Old English sport” and the body 2742. The body of the amateur athlete 2793. The example of Great Britain: Europe and the ideal of the amateur athlete 2874.0 the work of the male body: a variety of sports 2905. Women in sports 295IV THE GYMNAST AND THE NATION IN FULL ARMS 3011. Gymnastic societies 3012. Gymnastics as a school discipline 3033. Gymnast as a new type of person 3044. Elite and physical fitness 306V GYMNAST OR ATHLETE? 3071. Discipline or games? 3072. Energy body 3083. Sports and the boundaries of health 310Notes 312About the authors 361Index of names 363