The monograph substantiates the idea that a certain quantitative correspondence has long existed between the degrees of complexity of technologies practiced by societies in history and the demographic state of these societies. Such a demographic-technological dependence makes it possible to explain the natural correlation of the most important technological revolutions with demographic explosions. One of them—the Neolithic—caused the emergence of a productive economy. Further demographic development of Middle Eastern societies for demographic and statistical reasons created the basis for the social division of labor. This destructive process for the integrity of society was neutralized by enclosing society in the matrix of urban civilization, understood as the objective form of the structure of a society of divided labor. Original explanations of the genesis of the leading forms of spiritual life of early civilization are proposed. For scientists, everyone interested in the problems of the genesis of civilization and culture.