For the first time in Russian historiography, extensive documentary material is used to examine the history of the creation and formation of the two highest emergency bodies of Soviet Russia - the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense in 1918–1920. Their evolution, interaction, as well as “friction” and conflicts between them are revealed in detail in the context of what unfolded after V.I.’s injury. Lenin's struggle for power in the Bolshevik Party. The famous author, a specialist in the history of the formation of Soviet statehood, offers a new look at the origins and essence of the “military opposition”, the course and results of the discussion on the military issue at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b), the role of L.D. Trotsky in military development and the extremely complex relations between the Bolshevik leaders V.I. Lenin, Ya.M. Sverdlov, I.V. Stalin and L.D. Trotsky. The monograph is intended for historians, teachers of Russian history in higher educational institutions and everyone interested in Russian history. On the first page of the cover: P.E. Dybenko in a group of military workers. 1920s RGASPI.