This book was written by a young, but quickly gaining respect among colleagues and readers, psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, whose scientific activity fell on the first third of the 20th century, when new theories and even entire directions in psychology were actively created. Now the works of L. S. Vygotsky are recognized classics. A materialist scientist, he seeks to explain the true artistry, the high level of the work by an inextricable link with reality. Analyzing the features of the text, he built the logic of the reader's reaction, the internal activity caused by this text, comprehended the connection between form and content. Despite the considerable age of this work, it has not lost its relevance, as it reflects the objective processes in art and its perception.