Antonio Gramsci is a prominent Italian political figure, writer and thinker. Considered one of the founders of neo-Marxism, at the same time he is called his predecessor of the “new right” in Europe. One of the main provisions of Gramsci’s theory is the doctrine of hegemony, i.e. the dominance of a certain class in the state through not so much coercion as the ideological indoctrination of the population through the media, educational and cultural institutions, church, etc. Gyorgy Lukács is a Hungarian philosopher and writer, along with Gramsci, one of the key figures of Western Marxism. Lukács developed Marx's theory of the alienation of the individual in industrial society, paying special attention to the phenomenon of social consciousness and its reflection in politics. The book presents the most significant works of Gramsci and Lukács, allowing one to judge the views of these most prominent representatives of neo-Marxism.