The monograph is devoted to the genesis of human thinking and language - the formation of concepts, propositions and speech in a person (child).The first chapter provides an analytical review of the main concepts of the evolutionary-synthetic approach to the study of a person, his activity, thinking and language. A dichotomy has been introduced: “visual (exogenous) vs. functional (endogenous)” cognitive units. It is shown that mental representations of various objects (glass, banana, tree, lake), actions (run, sit) and situations are built from them through binary relations. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the process of education in a child of simple human concepts, propositions - predicative expressions made up of these concepts - and two-part sentences. It is shown that the elementary units of representation of the world in an infant are syncretic mental representations of agentive situations. These pre-conceptual "syncrets" in the process of the child's two-stage cognitive development are transformed into concepts and propositions and serve as a cognitive basis for mastering the native language. At the end of the chapter, a comparative analysis of the proposed approach to thinking and language with the approaches of Aristotle and Chomsky is carried out. The third chapter discusses the mechanisms of influence of the culture of an ethnos on its language. It is shown that the progress of an ethnos - the main component of the civilizational component of its culture - contributes to the development of the content component of the language: expanding the range of its lexical and grammatical meanings. It also analyzes the circle of social problems of Homo sapiens sapiens, due to its progress, and analyzes the hypothesis of the evolutionary transition from Homo sapiens sapiens to Homo perfectus. In the following sections, D. Everett's hypothesis about the influence of culture on the structure of the language is considered. Models of the activity development of a person and an ethnic group are introduced, the concepts of "universal concept" and "exotic property of language" are discussed.The monograph is of interest to cognitive linguists, psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers, specialists in theories of knowledge and artificial intelligence .