The book is a comprehensive fundamental study of the history of ancient Spain from the time of protohistory, i.e., the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e., until the end of the so-called crisis of the 3rd century. In accordance with the course of historical development, the book is divided into two parts. The first part examines the evolution of ethnic, social and political structures in the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest. The content of the second part is a consideration of the Roman conquest and a study of the development of the Spanish provinces of the Roman Republic and then the Roman Empire. Particular attention is paid to the study of Romanization, i.e., the inclusion of Spanish provinces in the integral system of the Roman state, as a result of which Spain switched to ancient society. Essentially, the book is the first volume of a two-volume study of the history of Spain before the so-called Reconquista. The book is intended for both specialist historians, including students, and a wide range of readers interested in history.