The book publishes the results of historical and philosophical studies of the concepts of Aristotle and his followers, as well as commented translations of their works. The features of the assimilation, influence and transformation of Aristotelian ideas are shown not only in the early period of the development of European science and culture, but also in later eras - the Middle Ages and Modern times. The early biographies of Aristotle, translated into Russian for the first time, are discussed. Those theories of Aristotelian natural philosophy that relate to man and his body are analyzed. The publication was prepared with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), within the framework of the Project (No. 15-18-30005) “The Heritage of Aristotle as a Constitutive Element of European Rationality in Historical Perspective.” Reviewers: Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences L.P. Repina Doctor of Philosophy E.A. Mamchur Under the general editorship of M.S. Petrova.