Coats of arms and flags with images of scorpions, exotic turbans and caps, hooked noses, red hair, crimson-red, black or even blue faces, unnaturally inverted poses, obscene gestures and viciously aggressive grimaces. The art of the medieval West used many signs that marked and denounced non-believers (Jews, Muslims and pagans), heretics, other sinners and outcasts. All of them were correlated with the “father of lies” - the devil, and also with each other, as if they were part of a global conspiracy against Christian society. Pagan Romans were sometimes represented wearing Jewish hats and with pseudo-Jewish inscriptions on their clothes, Jews were wearing Muslim turbans, and Muslims were accused of worshiping idols and invoking the ancient Roman gods. In a new book, medievalist Mikhail Mayzuls shows how from the 12th to the 16th centuries. the image of the enemy was constructed, how stigmatization mechanisms worked in the space of images and on city streets, and how techniques that arose in the Middle Ages passed into pamphlets, posters and caricatures of the New Age.