The book reveals the ideological significance and place of the biosocial problem in the development of psychological science, the role of social order in its formulation. It is shown that initially in psychology there is a confrontation between two approaches to the biosocial problem: a) blurring the boundaries of biology and culture, understanding culture as a superstructure that gives specificity to the manifestations of a biological basis; b) consideration of culture as a factor opposing the biological determination of behavior. In the era of globalization, the focus of the biosocial problem has shifted from the relative importance of environmental factors and heredity in the formation of personality to the macro context of the interaction of cultures in the global world. In the development of global psychological science, the first tradition continues the search for “universal” psychology based on the position of the determining significance of the biological, species factor in the human psyche. The book substantiates the need for active participation in the discourse of global science of trends developing the second approach, which denies the leading importance of the biological factor. It is shown that in Russian psychology there are corresponding theoretical and methodological developments that are not well known outside of Russia. The problems and prospects for the full participation of Russian psychology in the formation of global science are discussed.