The book sets out general ideas about systems theory, on the basis of which fundamentally new ideas about systems in mathematics and economics are created. Summarizing the known and his own understanding of the essence of systems, the author gives them his own universal definition based on a hypothesis about the physical picture of the world. This understanding is based on Hegel's logical system, which was used in the construction of the original methodological system. Through the prism of his own understanding of systematicity and the universal definition of systems, the author examines a number of questions that are inconvenient for mathematical and economic sciences and gives unexpected answers to them.