This publication is published in a new edition, recently made by the author. It is noticeably different from the previous ones. Serious errors have been revealed in the version of the chronology of antiquity accepted today. The new mathematical and statistical methods of dating events proposed by the author reveal strikingly similar “ancient” and medieval dynasties of rulers, which today are considered completely different. They were probably “copied” from the same original from the 11th–16th centuries. When was the famous Parthenon built and why was it called the Temple of the Virgin Mary? It turns out that “ancient” Greece is a phantom reflection of the events of the era of the XIV-XVI centuries AD. e. It turns out that the events described in the Bible actually took place, most likely, in the 11th–16th centuries AD. e. in Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. In the Appendix written by V.P. Fomenko and T.G. Fomenko, a new statistical method for detecting plagiarism is proposed, based on the “author’s invariant” they discovered in Russian literary texts. As an example, a well-known problem is analyzed: who is the true author of “The Quiet Don”? The book is a unique event in international scientific life; it will not leave any reader indifferent. No special knowledge is required from the reader. The book is intended for a wide range of readers interested in the application of natural scientific methods in history.