A detailed panorama of women's lives in the context of work, marriage and family, and as objects of debate - sometimes comic, sometimes sarcastic, conducted in a variety of forms: personal letters, art, philosophy, science and medicine. Resisting repressive practices, restrictive legislation, and lengthy debates about women's “nature,” women took the initiative through both subtle maneuvers and open dissent. In conformity and public resistance, in representation and social reality, women are represented in these pages in remarkable diversity. CONTENTS: IN THE SERVICE OF THE FATHERLAND 5 RECRUITING THE HISTORY OF WOMEN 9 Gender Studies 11 PART I. The Nationalization of Women 251. The Great War and the Triumph of the Separation of the Sexes 272. The Modern Woman. American style of the 20s 933. Interwar period. Women's roles in France and England 1124. How Mussolini controlled Italian women 1415. Nazism. Gender politics and women's lives in Germany 1756. Women of Spain: from the Republic to Francoism 2077. French women under the Vichy regime 2258. The Soviet model 263PART 2. Women, Creativity, Representations 2899. Difference and difference. Women's question in philosophy 29110. The place of women in the cultural process (the example of France) 33511. Woman in popular culture: The duality of the image 36512. Women, images, representations 386 PART 3. Great changes of the 20th century 405 Continuity and turning points 41013. Women's poverty, maternity rights , welfare states 44914. Motherhood, family and state 44915. Emancipation under control. Education and labor of women in the 20th century 471 PART 4. Modern problems 51116. Law and democracy 51317. Woman is a subject. Feminism 1960-80s 54518. From feminine to feminist in Quebec 57219. Reproduction and bioethics 593VOICES OF WOMEN 614A word about our time 614