The book presents developments of possibilities for the actual continuation of the history of Western European metaphysics. The need for a “new Aristotelianism,” which was pointed out by the outstanding Russian thinker of the second half of the 20th century. S.S. Averentsev, is revealed as the need to reflect on the language of science - to comprehend the specific linguistic foundations of natural science. Interpreting the basic concepts and principles of physical and mathematical knowledge, the author reveals the hidden metascientific premises of these concepts and principles. The value of this interpretation for modern natural science is expressed both in the disclosure of new opportunities for promoting the program of formalization of scientific knowledge “after D. Hilbert and K. Gödel”, and in the explication of the “single linguistic root” of natural science, generating the structures of truth of scientific knowledge from the substantial space of “physical mathematics” ", from the "physical principles of the mathematical language of science", from the "being of number", fixed by means of the rhetorical theory of number.