The textbook examines theoretical and methodological issues of ethnography and anthropology of childhood. The concepts relating to gender issues and the processes of socialization of boys and girls are revealed, and the features of the socialization of children in modern conditions are shown. The sociocultural phenomenon of parenthood is analyzed, as well as specific educational practices. Although this book is addressed to university students, it will be useful to everyone involved with children: parents, teachers, psychologists. The book will also be of interest to historians, ethnographers, anthropologists, sociologists and other specialists in the field of humanities.