The publication is a unique, fundamental study of the dialectics of capital (in the context of Marx's criticism of political economy), which has no analogues either in foreign or domestic literature. Conceptually, it is based on “Capital” by K. Marx. In accordance with the structure of the first volume of this work, the publication consists of 2 parts, including eight sections. The first is devoted to the commodity, money and the market, the second to theories of capital, the third to the production of absolute surplus value, the fourth to the production of relative surplus value, the fifth to the production of absolute and relative surplus value, the sixth to wages, the seventh to the process of capital accumulation, the eighth to historical conditions for the emergence of capital (theoretical and practical aspects). A systematic summary of extensive source material is given. The controversial nature of the issues under consideration is shown, and the author's vision of ways to solve them is substantiated. The main trends in the development of leading schools, currents and directions of world economic thought are revealed. For researchers, teachers, graduate students and students of economic universities, all those interested in the problems of “Capital” by K. Marx, political economy and the history of economic doctrines.