The monograph presents a wide panorama of theoretical models and empirical data, reflecting the long journey of searching for the key to schizophrenia. The concepts and empirical facts that historically preceded the models of impairment of social cognition, which are actively developing in modern science, are considered. Key controversies and discussions regarding the nature of impairments in social cognition in schizophrenia are analyzed. An original model of social intelligence impairment in schizophrenia is presented and data from a pilot comparative study of the ability to mentalize and empathize in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis are presented. The important role of the study of social motivation for understanding the nature of disorders of social cognition in schizophrenia is substantiated. The most recognized and tested for effectiveness programs for the development of social cognition in patients with schizophrenia are described. The monograph is addressed to a wide range of specialists - psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers who are interested in the scientific basis of effective assistance to patients with schizophrenia and modern achievements in the practice of psychological assistance to this complex population. The monograph will also be useful to leaders of educational programs in clinical psychology, psychotherapy and psychiatry, as well as students and specialists studying in these programs and conducting scientific research.