The book by Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Honorary Professor of the Moscow State Medical University named after A. I. Evdokimov, makes an attempt to abandon the stereotypes of interpreting Tolstoy’s religious and moral teachings as a “weak thinker” and even “supposedly reactionary” (V. I. Lenin). The author interprets the religious and moral teachings of L. N. Tolstoy as a science about the spiritual life of a person striving for meaning and values. The research tool was the pedagogical activity of the brilliant seer, preacher and teacher L. N. Tolstoy, in which for the first time in the human sciences in the mid-19th century he proposed to rely not on philosophical, but on psychological categories. Thanks to this, Tolstoy left to the world a description of a way of spiritual and moral life based on volitional effort as the basic motivation. Tolstoy outlines the path to the development of humanistic pedagogy and psychology, introduces the concept of soul and spirit into scientific discourse, thereby overcoming the humanitarian crisis in the human sciences.