Duel and tragic death of A.S. Pushkin has always attracted special attention. Despite numerous studies, much remained unclear in the history of this duel; over time, intricate hypotheses and confusion in the interpretation of events arose. Authentic documents from the investigative and judicial case about the poet’s duel with J. Dantes-Gekkern allow us to see the last events of his life and the circumstances of his death. These materials were collected and prepared for publication by a prominent Russian state and public figure, Pyotr Mikhailovich von Kaufman (1857–1926), who headed the committee of the Pushkin Lyceum Society. First published in a small edition in 1900, they were not reprinted for more than a hundred years. The most interesting materials from the military court case about the duel clarify both the actual problems of the duel in Russia at that time, and the understanding of the conflict that occurred between Pushkin and Dantes-Heckern, and also testify about what the judicial system and procedural application of written law were like in Russia in the 19th century.