This book is a critical essay on Marxism and, in particular, the materialist understanding of history. The authors consider the materialistic understanding of history to be one of the best paradigms of social cognition over the past two centuries. But at the same time, they recognize that the materialist understanding of history needs significant adjustments, both in terms of individual elements of the theory and in terms of some conceptual provisions. Marxism as a scientific theory has existed for at least 150 years. For a scientific theory, this is a fair amount of time. The history of science convincingly shows that during this time any theory is either refuted or undergoes a number of significant reformulations. But a strange thing is that during the entire existence of Marxism, it has not undergone changes either as a whole or in its parts. As a result, an extremely depressing situation arises when an orientation towards classical Marxism means an orientation towards the science of the 19th century. To be a Marxist means to be alienated from modern social science. This is unacceptable. A paradigm like Marxism deserves better. Therefore, in the text, the authors set themselves the task of adapting, naturally while maintaining the paradigmatic integrity of the theory, Marxism to modern science.