The anthology offered to the attention of readers is aimed at studying a course in the philosophy and methodology of science and corresponds to the program of candidate exams “History and Philosophy of Science” (“Philosophy of Science”), approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The book presents texts on general problems of knowledge, philosophy of science, methodology of natural sciences and socio-humanitarian knowledge. Each thematic section of the anthology is structured according to a chronological principle and contains texts from both thinkers of the past and modern Russian and foreign authors: philosophers, methodologists, scientists. The book is intended for students, graduate students, teachers and researchers interested in philosophical and methodological problems of scientific knowledge.