"The History of Hellenism" by Droysen is the first and so far the only fundamental work that opened up for the reader that relatively late period of ancient history (from the rise of Macedonia under the kings Philip and Alexander to the intervention of Rome in Greek affairs), about which there was practically little before what they knew and in which they saw only a chaotic accumulation of wars, dynamic strife and political upheavals. Droysen was able to see the more general, world-historical significance of the era of ancient history he was considering. It was he who gave this era a capacious definition of Hellenism, by which, at a first approximation, he understood “the spread of Greek domination and education among the old cultural peoples (of the East).” However, from a broader historical perspective, the content of Hellenism was understood to them as a complex interaction and connection of the Western and Eastern worlds, cultures and religions, in short, as a synthesis of Hellenic, Eastern principles, the result of which was to be the emergence of a new world religion and culture - Christianity. Droysen presented the history of Hellenism primarily in its political form; the overview of Hellenistic time was brought only to 220 BC. e. - before the start of active intervention in the affairs of the Greeks of the Roman Empire; the entire subsequent history of Hellenism (up to the subjugation by the Romans in 30 BC of the last Hellenistic state - Ptolemaic Egypt) remained beyond his attention. But what was done is striking in its scale, and with regard to the political history of early and mature Hellenism, the work of Droysen and the volume and thoroughness of the presented reconstruction still has no equal.

CONTENTS: Johann Gustav Droysen: the discovery of Hellenism in German antiquity...5

HISTORY OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT< /p>

BOOK ONE

Chapter One

Subject of the essay. — Progress in the development of Greece. — King Philip and his policies. - League of Corinth 338. — The Persian kingdom before Darius III.18

Chapter two

The country, the people and the royal dynasty of Macedonia. — Domestic policy of Tsar Philip II. - Nobility; yard - Olympics. - Alexander's youth. — Discord in the royal family. - Attalus. - The Assassination of Philip II......65

Chapter Three

Danger from without. - Campaign of 336 to Greece. — Renewal of the Corinthian League. - Death of Attalus. - Northern neighbors. — Hike to Thrace, to the Danube and against the Illyrians. — Second trip to Greece. - Destruction of Thebes. - Secondary renewal of the Corinthian League......83

BOOK TWO

Chapter One

Preparations for war. - Finance. - Allies of the kingdom. - Army. — Transition to Asia. - Battle of Granicus. — Occupation of the western coast of Asia Minor. — Conquest of Halicarnassus. - Trekking through Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia. — Organization of new areas.... 107

Chapter Two

Persian preparations for war. - The Persian fleet under the command of Memnon and the Greeks. — Alexander's crossing of the Taurus. — Occupation of Cilicia. - Battle of Issus. - Manifesto. — Movement in Greece. - Siege of Tyre. - Capture of Gaza. - Occupation of Egypt..155

Chapter Three

Persian weapons. - Alexander's campaign to Syria, across the Euphrates, and to the Tigris. — Battle at Gaugamela. — March on Babylon. - Occupation of Susa. - March to Persepolis.. 195

Chapter Four

Exit from Persepolis. — Retreat of Darius from Ecbatana. - Killing him. - Alexander in Parthia. - Zopyrion Enterprise. - The indignation of Thrace, the uprising of Agis, his defeat, the pacification of Greece ... 229

BOOK THREE

Chapter One

Pursuit of Bessus. — Rebellion in Aria. — Movement of the army to the south, through Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, and to the southern slopes of the Indian Caucasus. — Alexander's thought and Aristotle's theory. - Discovery of a conspiracy. — New organization of the army.....248

Chapter two

Alexander’s campaign in Bactriana.—Persecution of Bessus, his extradition. - Campaign against the Scythians, to Jaxartes. — Uprising in Sogdiana. — Pacification of the rebels. — Wintering in Zariaspakh. — Secondary indignation of the Sogdians. - Pacifying them. — Stop in Maracanda. - Murder of Cleitus. — Scythian invasion of Zariaspi. — Wintering in Navtak. - Fortresses of the Hipparchs. — Marriage to Roxana. - Conspiracy of the Tsar's youths. - Punishment of Callisthenes.....266

Chapter Three

India. — War on this side of the Indus. - Crossing the Indus. — Hike to Hydaspes. - Sovereign Taxil. - War with King Porus. — Battle of Hydaspes. — War with independent tribes. — An army on the banks of Hyphasis. — Return.....300

Chapter Four

Return to the homeland. - Fleet on Akesin. — War with malls. — Alexander’s life is in danger. —Battles on the lower Indus. — Departure of the Crater. — Battle of the Indus Delta. — Alexander's voyage on the Ocean. — His departure from India......340

BOOK FOUR

Chapter One

Departure. — War on the land of the Orites. — March of the army through the desert of Gedrosia. — Arrival of the remnants of the army in Carmania. - Nearchus in Harmosia. - Unrest in the state. - Executions. — Return to Persia. - Secondary flight of Harpalus. — Wedding celebrations in Susa. — New organization of the state. — Speech in Opis.....364

Chapter Two

Mutiny of soldiers in Opis. — Dismissal of veterans. - Harpal in Greece. — Split between parties in Athens. — Decree regarding the return of exiles. — The machinations of Harpalus in Finland. - Harpal process. — Alexander’s internal policy and its consequences....387

Chapter Three

Alexander’s campaign in Media. - Death of Hephaestion. — War against the Cossei. — Return to Babylon. - Embassies. — Dispatch to the South Sea. — Armaments, new plans. - Alexander's illness. — His death.... 418

NOTES

Book one...438Book two...457Book three...501Book four....537

Materials to the history of Alexander.......559