The Philosophical Dictionary, founded by the German philosopher and lexicographer Heinrich Schmidt in 1912, has been published in Germany for 90 years. The dictionary is very popular and has been translated into a number of other languages. Its publication in Russian was carried out (from the 14th German edition) in 1961 and has long become a bibliographic rarity. Meanwhile, the dictionary has already gone through more than two dozen editions, each time undergoing thorough revision. It contains about 3,000 articles that explain the basic concepts and directions of philosophy, sets out the main ideas of its representatives, and introduces them to their most important works. The reader will find in it information about the world history of philosophy, as well as about the peculiarities of its development in various countries. The dictionary contains an extensive, well-chosen bibliography, which includes books and articles in different languages. For a wide range of readers interested in philosophy. 22nd edition