The monograph, based on documents from the state archives of the Republic of Tatarstan and federal archives, memoirs, press materials, and published sources, examines the socio-demographic characteristics of the rural population of the Republic of Tatarstan in the late 1930s - mid-1940s. The authors focus on the features of living conditions, the standard of living of pre-war and military villages, health status, changes in the socio-political, ideological orientation of village residents, the role and place of religion in the life of the village community. The study is intended for historians, teachers of higher and secondary schools, graduate students and students of humanities, as well as readers interested in the problems of national history and the history of Tatarstan during the Soviet period.