The book by the French philosopher Jean-Marie Schaeffer, published in 2007, puts forward a program for a new naturalism in the study of man, society and culture. The successes of modern biology force us to recognize the “thesis of human exceptionalism” as unscientific and to consider humans as a biological species that is especially complex in its organization. This entails a critique of the introspective methods of “self-justification of the spirit,” which go back to the philosophy of Descartes and are practiced in a number of influential philosophical movements of the 20th century, such as phenomenology or existentialism. The author of the book calls, without losing anything valuable that was developed by philosophical anthropology within the framework of the “thesis of human exceptionalism,” to reunite the natural and social sciences and humanities within the framework of a new, holistic view of man and his culture.