The book examines the political history of Tibet from ancient times to the mid-20th century: the formation of the Tibetan ethnic group, the emergence of the Tibetan Empire in the 7th-9th centuries, the creation of a theocratic monarchy, the establishment of Manchu suzerainty, the struggle for independence, joining the PRC. geography, ethnography and economy of Tibet, customs, literature and art of the Tibetans, about the history of the spread of Buddhism, its currents, sects, churches: Preface 3VEVENTION 11 Tybet and Tibetans 11 opening and the study of Tibeta 21 of history 46 Production of Tibetans 46Mifs about the first kings 50BOM 56BOTS EMPIRE VII - VII- IX century 62The emergence of the Tibetan Empire 62Buddhism 67Tibetan writing 77One hundred years of conquest 79Marriage and family, gender relations 87Zenith 95Tantrism 99Jarung-Khashor 109Theocratization of the entire country 115Dark period (X-XII centuries) 115Buddhist sects s or schools Tibet 119 Sakyapa 122 Gelugpa 128 Pagmodupa and others 132 Dalai Lamas 135 Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas 136 Shambhala 150 Manchu suzerainty 160 Tibetan literature 163 Isolation 177 Nuns 178 Modern times 189 "European neighbors » Tibet 189Bridges 191Funeral rites of the Tibetans 202F. Younghusband's expedition of 1903-1904 208Traditional Tibetan medicine 214Chinese invasion of 1910 . and the agreement in Simla 219Unformalized independence of Tibet 225Pantheon of Tibetan Buddhism 227Between the Dalai Lamas - between eras 238Belief in magic. Spells 241Religiosity 248The Decisive Decade 255Oil Sculpture 263Conclusion 277Appendices 284Chronological Index 284Dalai Lamas 286Panchen Lamas 287References 288Index of Names 294Index of Place Names 299