The history of Ancient Rome represents the final, final stage of the ancient history of the Mediterranean. The goal of mastering this discipline is to form in students a holistic understanding of the paths of historical development of ancient Roman society and state. The author sought to show the general patterns and specific features of this development in the context of historical processes that took place in the ancient Mediterranean. The discipline “History of Ancient Rome” is an integral part of the course of world history, namely its section, the subject of which is the study of the history of ancient civilizations. The discipline is taught in the first year of a bachelor's degree. Traditionally, “The History of Ancient Rome,” following the “History of the Ancient East” and the “History of Ancient Greece,” completes the study of the cycle called “The History of the Ancient World.” This textbook, which is based on the author’s many years of teaching and scientific work, offers students a systematic account of the history of ancient Rome from the origins of ancient Roman civilization to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The structure of the textbook consists of 18 thematic chapters, equipped with notes, as well as questions and tasks placed at the end to consolidate the material, including excerpts from written sources, and a bibliography.