The monograph examines the evolution of the Moscow historical school in the first half of the 20th century. using the example of the creativity of the most prominent representatives of its “younger generation”: Yu.V. Gauthier, S.B. Veselovsky, A.I. Yakovlev and S.V. Bakhrushin. Using a wide range of sources, including archival ones, the stages of scientific biographies of historians are shown against a broad socio-political, cultural-historical and historiographic background. The life and scientific work of scientists is divided into two large stages: pre-revolutionary times and the Soviet period. The direction and features of research activity in different eras are analyzed. An important component of the research was the study of the problem of “power and historians” in Soviet times (1920–1940s). For historians, students of history departments of universities, as well as everyone interested in Russian history and culture.