The book is dedicated to modern problems of astronomy: from the study of the Moon and planets to the search for gravitational waves, dark matter and dark energy. Scientists of the State Astronomical Institute named after. P.K. Sternberg (MSU) talk about the most important events that took place in astronomy at the turn of the new millennium and what unresolved problems researchers are currently working on. The conventional historical milestone - the beginning of the new millennium - was marked by several important discoveries in the study of the Universe. Therefore, recent years can be called, without exaggeration, a great decade of astronomy, perhaps the beginning of its new “golden age.” The “Appendix” contains extensive reference material as of June 2007. The book is addressed to high school students, students and teachers, as well as to all those interested in the problems of modern natural sciences.