In the 20th century, humanity was subjected to severe tests. Wars, revolutions, collapses of empires, internal cataclysms in states caused by the policies of the ruling circles—many major countries, including China, have fully gone through all this. The Chinese people have suffered countless sacrifices on the path to national liberation and the revival of their country. But the Chinese intelligentsia suffered a particularly difficult fate. The book, intended not only for specialists, but also for that readership who is not indifferent to the fate of the intelligentsia in any country, tells about the formation and development of the modern intelligentsia in China. For the first time in domestic and world literature, the problem of the relationship between the intelligentsia and the government has been studied for an entire century. The book, which is based on Chinese materials and documents, is imbued with the deepest sympathy and sincere respect for the wonderful sons and daughters of the Chinese people.