From the standpoint of synergetics and nonlinear dynamics, problems are considered that until recently belonged entirely to the sphere of humanitarian knowledge. Among them are mathematical modeling of historical processes, global demographic forecasts, strategic planning for the future of humanity, changing imperatives for the development of civilization, and a forecast for the development of the education system. The relevance and severity of the problems discussed prompted the authors to resort to an unusual form of presentation. The analysis of scientific results in various parts of the book is preceded by an extremely simple and clear presentation of the concepts developed by the authors and the conclusions obtained. This makes the book accessible not only to undergraduates, graduate students, researchers, but also to a wide range of readers interested in the future of humanity.