The book is devoted to the study of linguistic ideas contained in the works of outstanding Russian scientists of the twentieth century. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin and Valentin Nikolaevich Voloshinov, primarily the world-famous book “Marxism and the Philosophy of Language” (1929). The place of the book and its accompanying articles in the world science of language of that time, its relationship to the leading schools and directions of world and domestic linguistics in those years is examined. The polemics of the authors of the book with the concepts of F. de Saussure and K. Vossler and their own theoretical concept of language and utterance. The question of the role of Marxism in linguistics is especially considered. The history of the writing of the book and accompanying articles and their assessments by contemporaries have been studied. The later works of M. M. Bakhtin of the 30-60s are also studied, their similarities and differences with the book “Marxism and Philosophy of Language” are studied, and the concepts proposed by Bakhtin for the stratification of language, speech genres, and dialogue are considered. The last chapter defines the significance of the ideas of V.N. Voloshinov and M.M. Bakhtin for modern science, and examines the ideas of some scientists who, to one degree or another, continue the tradition they laid down.