The textbook is written by authors who are known both as major scientists and as teachers with extensive teaching experience in universities. Fundamental issues of philosophy are considered in it from the standpoint of pluralism, the diversity of their interpretation and justification. The structure of the textbook is as close as possible to the philosophy course taught in most universities. Another distinctive feature is that the authors sought to take into account the requirements arising from Russia’s accession to the Bologna Protocol, aimed at introducing uniform standards of education in the international community. Much attention in the book is paid to understanding the place and role of philosophy in the modern world, its enduring significance as the most important element of the spiritual life of society. Philosophical problems are analyzed in close connection with religion, legal consciousness, ideology, and other forms of spiritual and value development of reality. For students, graduate students and teachers of higher educational institutions.