The book examines literal and semantic approaches to the translation of Holy Scripture. The issues of the relationship between worldviews and languages of different cultures of the world are analyzed in detail. The book is equipped with a bibliography, a detailed index of biblical passages, and a subject index. All this makes the book an indispensable tool for teachers and students of Bible schools, for translators and for those who are planning to become a translator. The book should be of unconditional interest to clergy, pastors and missionary organizations, as well as to a wide range of philologists, linguists and anyone interested in the issues of semantic analysis of the Bible.

TWO APPROACHES TO TRANSLATIONFOUR TYPES OF TRANSLATIONLiteral translationFree translationModerately literal translationIdiomatic translationTYPES OF LANGUAGE FORM, OFTEN TRANSLATED LITERALLYGrammatical featuresLexical featuresOther features of the textCONCLUSION

WHAT DOES TRANSLATION ADEQUACY MEAN? ADEQUATE TRANSMISSION OF THE MEANING OF THE ORIGINALExegesis of the textAdequacy of historical referencesAdequacy of didactic referencesContradictions between historical and didactic adequacyHow to avoid incomplete, extraneous or differing information ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE ORIGINAL The language form must be natural The message must be meaningful Some factors leading to loss of dynamic adequacyCONCLUSION

PRESENCE OF IMPLICIT INFORMATION IN THE ORIGINALTYPES OF IMPLICIT INFORMATIONImplicit information extracted from the immediate contextImplicit information extracted from a wider contextImplicit information, extracted from the cultural context IN WHAT CASE CAN IMPLICIT INFORMATION BECOME EXPLICIT? Requirements of the grammar of CN Requirements for adequate transmission of meaning Requirements for adequate transmission of dynamics TYPES OF EXPLICIT INFORMATION Grammatical features Signs of discourse Semantic components of lexical meaning IN WHAT CASE EXPLICIT INFORMATION CAN BECOME IMPLICIT?

SOME UNIVERSAL LEXICAL CHARACTERISTICSSemantic components of lexical meaningRodo - specific relationships between wordsGeneric concepts and expressionsClass names and semantic seriesMeaning, meaning and compatibilityTHREE TYPES OF SEMANTIC COMPONENTSGeneric componentDifferential componentsAccompanying componentsCONCLUSION

ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF THE WORD "JUMP"List possible contexts for the use of a wordDefinition of the generic class of subjectsRegrouping of contexts in accordance with the belonging of the components of combinations to the same generic classDefinition of the generic class for each meaningFormulation of the generic component by combining a generic concept or expression for each meaning with its combinability restrictionsFormulation of the generic class name for each meaningEstablishment of a semantic series for each meaning Establishing differential components Checking for the presence of extra members in the semantic series ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF THE WORD "IZBA" REPRESENTATION OF THE SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORDS "ROAD" AND "IZBA" IN THE FORM OF TABLES

TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANINGSEMANTIC FOUNDATIONS OF POLYSEMBICITY Semantic a line divided by meaningsAssociative relationships between meanings SPECIFICITY OF POLYSEEMING IN EACH LANGUAGE

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS EXAMPLES OF TRANSLATING DERIVED MEANINGS Cases of special use of the category of number Cases of special use of the category of person EXAMPLES OF TRANSLATION OF FIGURE MEANINGS Metonymy Synecdoche Hyperbole Euphemism metaphor and comparisonIdiomsAction - symbol

COMPARISONS, FULL AND ABRIDGEDFull comparisonsAbbreviated comparisons STRUCTURE OF METAPHOR AND COMPARISONDefinition of metaphor and comparisonThree parts of metaphor and comparisonFour types of abbreviated metaphor or comparisonLIVING AND FROZEN METAPHORS AND COMPARISONSThe difference between living and frozen metaphorCriteria for identifying living metaphorsProverbs, thematic images and symbols

REASONS FOR MISUNDERSTANDING B ILEISH METAPHOR Unknown image Implicit theme Implicit point of similarity Comparisons have no similarity in the target language Metaphorical meaning is absent in the target language New metaphors are not formed in the target language HOW TO TRANSLATE METAPHORS AND SIMILARS Some preliminary notes Preserving the form of a metaphor Using a simile form Using a form that is not related to a figure of speech Combining different forms

p>DEFINITION LEXICAL CONSISTENCY IMPERIAL LEXICAL CONSISTENCY WITHIN THE TEXT GENUINE LEXICAL CONSISTENCY WITHIN THE TEXT PRESERVATION OF GENUINE LEXICAL CONSISTENCY IN TRANSLATION

THE CONCEPT OF LEXICAL COMPATIBILITY What is not a violation of lexical compatibility What is included in the concept of lexical compatibility RANGE OF COMPATIBILITY Difference ranges of compatibility in different languagesFactors influencing the range of compatibilityExpanding the range of compatibilityHOW TO AVOID COMPATIBILITY ERRORSStudying the components of meaningTechniques for finding out meaningWords - actionsWords denoting abstract conceptsRecognizing potential errors in compatibility

TYPES OF DIFFERENCES IN LEXICAL STRUCTURES LANGUAGEIZED AND AMBIGUOUS INITIAL LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCESTYPES OF AMBIGUOUS LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCESLexical correspondences for semantically complex wordsLexical correspondences for synonymsLexical correspondences for synonymsLexical correspondences for antonymsLexical correspondences with changes in subject relationsLexical correspondences with changes in genus-species relationsLexical correspondences for idiomatic expressions

LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES BASED ON A BORNED CONCEPTModification of formModification with display of functionModification of form with simultaneous display of functionModification using comparisonLEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES BASED ON A BORROWED WORDModification with the help of classificationModification of form, indication of function, or bothLEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES BASED ON " REPLACEMENT OF REALITIES"What is "replacement of realities "When is the technique of “replacement of realities” acceptable? Replacement of realities from the point of view of respecting historical truthReplacement of realities and lexical consistencyReplacement of realities and correct transmission of meaningChecking the perception of the text by native speakers

GENDIADISEMITIC PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH IRONIC MEANING VERB TENSE ABSTRACT NOUNSAdvantages and disadvantages of abstract nounsTranslation of abstract nounsConclusionORDER OF LANGUAGE UNITSOrder of language units and chronological sequenceOrder of language units and logical sequenceNegative - affirmative sentences ChiasmusIdiomatic preference for the order of groups of words

DIFFERENTIATION OF ACTUAL AND RHETORICAL QUESTIONS IN THE NEW TESTAMENTCharacteristic features of actual questionsCharacteristic features rhetorical questions Forms characteristic of actual and rhetorical questions Resolving ambiguities using parallel passages FUNCTIONS OF REAL AND RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Functions of valid questions Functions of rhetorical questions Connotative function of rhetorical questions TRANSLATION OF RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Interpretation of rhetorical questions as valid Misunderstanding of rhetorical questionsNaturality and translation of rhetorical questions

PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE GENITIVE CONSTRUCTION PARAPHRASE OF THE GENITIVE CONSTRUCTION USING THE PROPOSITION OF STATE PARAPHRASE OF THE GENITIVE CONSTRUCTION USING THE PROPOSITION OF ACTION Information about the action is presented explicitlyInformation about the action is presented implicitly PARAPHRASE OF GENITIVE CONSTRUCTION WITH THE HELP OF PROPOSITIONS Both events are expressed explicitly Only one the event is expressed explicitly None of the events is expressed explicitly CONCLUSION

THE NEED FOR ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC STRUCTURE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE AND SURFACE STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION OF SEMANTIC STRUCTURE Semantic units Proposition as a semantic unit Relationships between central propositions and message units ANALYSIS OF LARGE SEMANTIC TEXT UNITSFirst of all, large semantic units should be analyzed. Criteria for determining large semantic units. EXPRESSING TEXT CONTENT BY FORMULATING PROPOSITIONS. Identification of propositions in the text. Formulation of propositions. Mutual correlation of propositions. SCHEMATIC SHOWING OF SEMANTIC STRUCTURE.

SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS CITIONS OF PROPOSITIONSPropositions of developmentPropositions of supportConclusion TYPES OF RELATIONS COMPLEMENTATIONTYPES OF ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONSExplanatory propositions of support, different in meaningExplanatory propositions of support, similar in meaning Argumentative propositions of support Complex forms of argumentative propositions of support Orienting propositions of support Propositions of support correlated with part of a proposition

METHOD OF SCHEMATIC SHOWING Hierarchy propositionsDetermination of relationshipsLARGE SEMANTIC UNITS OF THE EPISTLE TO PHILEMONMain initial premisesAnalysis of large semantic units of the Epistle to PhilemonSchematic representation of large semantic units of the Epistle to Philemon

PROPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF 4-7 VERSES OF THE EPISTLE TO PHILEMONIdentification of words with meaning actions in a paragraphConstruction of propositions based on explicit actionsConstruction other necessary propositionsRelationships between propositionsSCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PROPOSITIONS 4-7 VERSES OF PHILEMON