The book is dedicated to a new scientific direction - the study of ancient and medieval chronology and history using natural scientific dating methods proposed by the authors in previous publications, in particular, in the book by A.T. Fomenko “Methods of mathematical analysis of historical texts. Applications to chronology.” The first part is devoted to Russian history, the second part to English, the third part to Roman-Byzantine history. Serious contradictions have been discovered between the point of view accepted today among historians and the results of applying natural scientific dating methods. A new concept is proposed, one of the characteristic differences of which is a significant shortening of the chronology in comparison with the Scaliger-Petavius chronology accepted today, proposed in the 16th–17th centuries. The book is a unique phenomenon in the world scientific literature and opens up wide opportunities for further research.