The second volume covers the history of Kalmykia for more than a century - from the 90s of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century, full of turbulent social and political events that led to repeated changes in the social system and state structure of Russia. Using modern historical concepts and using new materials, based on existing achievements of historiography, the role of Kalmyks in social revolutions, the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars, and the participation of the people of Kalmykia in the social experiment of the 20th century to accelerate the construction of Soviet society are shown. The publication reveals for the first time the paradoxical results of Soviet nationality policy, issues of the modern radical transformation of the social and political system of Russia and Kalmykia.